Mathematical symbols are the vocabulary of number — a shared written language that allows mathematical ideas to be recorded and communicated precisely. Children who understand what each symbol means, rather than simply performing procedures with it, develop mathematical reasoning alongside mathematical skill. Symbol literacy is foundational.
The Symbols Kindergarteners Encounter First
The + (addition), minus (subtraction) and = (equals) symbols are the cornerstones of early written mathematics. But the equals sign is where most early confusion develops. Many children interpret = as "the answer comes next" rather than as a symbol of equivalence. This misunderstanding causes persistent errors in later algebra. Teaching equals as "the same as" from the very beginning — using examples like 3 + 2 = 4 + 1 — prevents this misconception before it forms.
The greater than and less than symbols present a similar recall challenge. The classic mnemonic "the open mouth eats the bigger number" is reliable and memorable for most children. Also read: Hands-On Addition and Subtraction: Concrete First, Abstract Later for how to build symbol understanding from concrete foundations.
Making Symbols Visible and Accessible
A math symbols chart displayed at child eye level serves two purposes: it provides a reference for children who cannot yet recall a symbol, and it keeps symbol vocabulary present in the learning environment passively during all other activities. The most effective symbols charts show each symbol alongside a worked example (+ with 2 + 3 = 5) rather than a definition alone. Abstract definitions require abstract thinking; examples require only recognition. Also read: Making Math Fun: Strategies That Actually Work for Young Children for engaging approaches to building number symbol fluency.
Our Kindergarten Math Rules Posters Bundle ($2.49) includes a dedicated Math Symbols Chart alongside nine other essential reference posters covering addition, subtraction, number bonds, shapes, place value and more. Each chart uses large visuals and worked examples designed specifically for kindergarten learners — print-ready, high-quality PDF format for home or classroom use.
Symbol Fluency Through Play and Practice
Symbol recognition develops fastest through use in context. Number sentence games — where children choose symbols to complete equations (3 __ 2 = 5, which symbol goes here?) — are far more engaging than symbol identification drills. Use physical symbol cards that children can place between numbers, play "true or false" with number sentences that may have wrong symbols, and include symbols in story problems so children connect the written symbol to a real operation.
Frequently Asked Questions
When should I introduce the greater than and less than symbols?
Once children have solid number comparison skills — consistently knowing which of two quantities is larger — the symbols can be introduced as written shorthand for that understanding. The concept must precede the symbol.
Should children learn the names of symbols or just recognise them?
Both, in sequence. Recognition comes first; naming comes next. Using correct mathematical vocabulary builds both precision and confidence.
My child confuses the greater and less than symbols. Any tips?
Try having children physically make the symbols with their arms — the open side is wider where the bigger number is. This kinesthetic reinforcement is highly effective.
The Language of Mathematics Starts Here
Children who learn to read mathematical symbols as a language — understanding what each one communicates — are better prepared for every subsequent year of mathematics than those who learn symbols as arbitrary marks associated with procedures. Start with the symbols, but always start with the meaning behind them.
